Figure 1 - Prevalence of
depression and anxiety in elderly participants (n =3D 28). Senhor
do Bonfim, BA, 2019.
![](3D"1172HTMLEN_arquivos/image005.jpg")
Fonte: Autores (13,14)
DEPRESSION, ANXIETY AND QUALITY OF LIFE OF THE ELD=
ERLY
AT A THIRD AGE OPEN UNIVERSITY
DEPRESSÃO, ANSIEDADE E QUALIDADE DE VIDA EM IDOSOS DE UMA
UNIVERSIDADE ABERTA À TERCEIRA IDADE
Bruno Felipe Ferreira Lopes[1]
* Thaisy Rodrigues de Oliveira[2]
* Kellen Karoline Almeida dos Santos Lira[3]
* Gilberto Lima dos Santos[4]
* Glauber Sá Brandão[5]#
ABSTRACT
Objective: The aim of this study was to test the
association between anxiety, depression and the quality of life of elderly
participants at a Third Age Open University (UATI, acronym in Portuguese).
Methods: This is a descriptive, cross-sectional study with a quantitative
approach, carried out with elderly people (≥ 60 years) without cognit=
ive
decline, UATI participants in Senhor do Bonfim,=
BA. The
elderly were evaluated using three questionnaire=
s: Geriatric
Depression Scale, Geriatric Anxiety Inventory and World Health Organization
quality of life assessment instrument (WHOQOL-Old). Data were subjected to
descriptive analysis and Spearman's correlation analysis was used to verify=
the
association between the variables. Results: Among the 28 elderly participan=
ts,
there was a prevalence of 14.3% of depression and 17.9% of anxiety. Regardi=
ng
the quality of life domains, Social Participation (77.9 ± 11.3) and Sensory
Functioning (76.3 ± 17.1) had the highest means. Quality of life was negati=
vely
and moderately correlated with depression (-0.439) and anxiety (-0.436), wh=
ile
both disorders showed a positive and moderate correlation (0.671) with each
other. Conclusions: The elderly who had a higher degree of anxiety and
depression had a worse quality of life, demonstrating the existence of a
significant association between these variables. These findings direct the =
need
for studies that investigate the emergence of anxiety and depression in the
elderly, dissociating these diseases from natural aging processes.
Keywords: Geriatric Nursing;
Aging; Quality of Life; Depression; Anxiety.
RESUMO
Objetivo: O objetivo
deste estudo foi testar a associação entre ansiedade, depressão e a qualida=
de
de vida de idosos participantes de uma Universidade Aberta à Terceira Idade
(UATI). Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, transversal, com abordag=
em
quantitativa, realizado com idosos (≥ 60 anos) sem declínio cognitivo,
participantes da UATI em Senhor do Bonfim, BA. Os idosos foram avaliados por
meio de três questionários: Escala de Depressão Geriátrica, Inventário de
Ansiedade Geriátrica e instrumento de avaliação da qualidade de vida da
Organização Mundial da Saúde (WHOQOL-Old). Os d=
ados
foram submetidos à análise descritiva e a análise de correlação de Spearman foi utilizada para verificar a associação en=
tre as
variáveis. Resultados: dentre os 28 idosos participante, observou-se
prevalência de 14,3% de depressão e 17,9% de ansiedade. Em relação aos domí=
nios
de qualidade de vida, a Participação Social (77,9 ± 11,3) e Funcionamento do
Sensório (76,3 ± 17,1) apresentaram as maiores médias. A qualidade de vida =
se
correlacionou negativa e moderadamente com a depressão (-0,439) e a ansieda=
de
(-0,436), enquanto que ambos os transtornos apresentaram correlação positiv=
a e
moderada (0,671) entre si. Conclusões: Os idosos que obtiveram maior grau de
ansiedade e depressão, apresentaram pior qualidade de vida, demonstrando a
existência de associação significativa entre estas variáveis. Estes achados
direcionam a necessidade de estudos que investiguem o surgimento da ansieda=
de e
depressão em idosos, dissociando estas doenças de processos naturais do
envelhecimento.
Palavras-chave: Enfermagem Geriátrica; Envelhecimento; Qualidade de Vida; Depressão; Ansiedade.
INTRODUCTION
Aging is a dynamic, progressive and irreversible
biological process whose changes are characterized by structural and functi=
onal
changes in the human body (1). The population aging process is e=
xpressed
in the increase in life expectancy, which is due to technological advances =
in
health, changes in family structure, work patterns and migrations, as well =
as
in the perceptions of subjects about biological, cultural, psychological and
social aspects (2).
According to World Health Organization (WHO), the
number of people aged 60 and over will have increased by approximately 70% =
by
2025, especially in developing countries (3). In Brazil, there a=
re
an estimated 32.9 million people aged 65 or over, with a growth curve proje=
cted
to 58.2 million by 2060, equivalent to 25.5% of the population (2).
Currently, there is an increase in the incidence of
psychological disorders in the elderly. WHO estimates that approximately on=
e in
10 elderly people may suffer from depression (4).
In elderly, depression is the most frequent
psychiatric disorder, being associated with a higher risk of morbidity,
mortality and lack of control over one's emotional state (5). St=
ill,
it is a disease that is often underdiagnosed and undertreated for having
similarities with physical and mental complications, considered natural to
aging (6).
Anxiety is associated with limitations present in =
old
age, causing negative perceptions of reality and questions about their own
intellectual abilities. High levels of anxiety in the elderly lead to
experiences that interfere with selective attention and the encoding of
information in memory, thus blocking understanding and reasoning (7).
Quality of life is a multidimensional and
multifactorial set of subjective satisfactions that subjects obtain in their
daily lives, which consider physical, psychological and social aspects of l=
ife,
being useful to determine the global impact of diseases and medical treatme=
nts
from the perspective of the subject (8). Therefore, considering =
that
anxiety and depression disorders tend to reduce quality of life, understand=
ing
the relationship between these conditions is especially important in elderl=
y,
as these disorders can affect the interpersonal relationships, the physical=
and
social support and the performance cognitive, which negatively impacts the
quality of life (9). However,
there are few studies regarding the relationship between these psychiatric
disorders and the quality of life in the elderly population
The aim of this study was to test the
association between anxiety, depression and the quality of life of the elde=
rly.
METHODS
Participants,
Study Type and Place
This is a descriptive, cross-sectional study with a
quantitative approach. The sampling procedure used was non-probabilistic for
convenience, and the sample consisted of elderly people from the
As inclusion criteria, it was defined that the
participants were elderly (60 years old or more), regardless of gender,
enrolled at UATI. As an exclusion criterion, the presence of cognitive decl=
ine
was considered according to the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) (=
11).
Participants
Assessment Instruments
An identification form was applied to collect
sociodemographic data: gender, age, marital status, education, living
arrangement and income.
Geriatric Depression Scale
Depression was assessed using the Geriatric Depres=
sion
Scale (GDS-15), a simplified version of the original scale, widely used for
tracking depressive symptoms in the elderly population, both in identifying=
the
condition and in monitoring changes over time.
It can be self-applied or applied by an interviewer (12).=
The
scale has a range from zero (absence of depressive symptoms) to fifteen poi=
nts
(maximum score for depressive symptoms), in which the authors (13) defined
the cutoff point equal to or greater than five to determine the presence of
depressive symptoms in the elderly.
Geriatric
Anxiety Inventory
The Geriatric Anxiety Inventory (GAI) is an instru=
ment
for assessing anxiety in the elderly in community and geriatric contexts,
proposed by the study.(14). This questionnaire consists of 20
questions, in which the respondent declares that he agrees or disagrees with
the statements presented. The sum of the answers being >10 characterizes=
the
individual with symptoms of anxiety. It can be self-applied or applied by an
interviewer.
WHOQOL-Old
To assess the quality of life of the elderly, it w=
as
used the World Health Organisation Quality of L=
ife
(WHOQOL-Old) Assessment Instrument (15). This instrument consist=
s of
24 questions, assigned to six facets: (I) Sensory Functioning, (II) Autonom=
y,
(III) Past, Present and Future Activities, (IV) Social Participation, (V) D=
eath
and Dying, and (VI) Privacy. Each of the facets has four questions, whose
answers follow a Likert scale (1-5). For all facets, the score of possible
values can range from 0 to 100, in which higher values represent a higher
quality of life.
Data
Collection and Analysis
Data collection was carried out between November a=
nd
December 2019. The questionnaires were applied in the form of an interview,=
in
a clear and objective manner, without the interference of the interviewer. =
In
case of doubts in the understanding by the elderly, the interviewer repeated
the question until the interviewee understood.
This study was approved by the Ethics Committee for
research involving human beings of the Universidade
do Estado da Bahia, with CAAE: 25875819.8.0000.0057. All participants signe=
d an
Informed Consent Form (ICF). The general ethical principles were accepted
considering that research in any area of knowledge, involving human beings,
must be consistent with the principles of science. This study ensured
compliance with the ethical principles of resolution 466/12 of the National
Health Council.
Data were tested for normality, then submitted to
descriptive analysis using absolute frequencies and percentages for categor=
ical
variables, and measures of central tendency and dispersion for numerical
variables. To perform the correlation analysis, due to the identification of
the non-normality of the data, it was decided to use the Spearman’s ρ, a non-parametric test, to verify the association bet=
ween
the variables depression, anxiety and quality of=
life.
For decision criteria, the significance level α≤0.05 was adopted=
and
analysis were performed using the Statistical Package of the Social Sciences
(SPSS 21.0, IBM, EUA) software.
RESULTS
The sample of the present study consisted of 28
elderly people, predominantly female (n =3D 27; 96.4%), aged between 60 and=
86
years (mean 68.6 ± 6.2), the majority being widows (n =3D 14; 50.0%), with
elementary education (n =3D 16; 57.1%) and with monthly income of up to one
minimum wage (n =3D 15; 53.6%), as shown in Table 1. All participants of the Third Age Open University.
Table 1 - Soci=
odemographic
variables of the elderly participants (n =3D 28). Senhor do Bonfim,
BA, 2019.
|
Sociodemographic Vari=
able |
n |
% |
|
Gender |
|
|
|
Female |
27<= o:p> |
96.=
4 |
|
Age |
|
|
|
60-69 years |
18<= o:p> |
64.=
3 |
|
70+ years |
10<= o:p> |
35.=
7 |
|
Marital Status |
|
|
|
Single |
4 |
14.3 |
|
Married |
10 |
35.7 |
|
Widower/Widow |
14 |
50.0 |
|
Education |
|
|
|
Elementary education<= o:p> |
16 |
57.1 |
|
Secondary education |
9 |
32.1 |
|
Higher education |
3 |
10.7 |
|
Living Arrangement |
|
|
|
Live alone |
9 |
32.1 |
|
Live with someone els=
e |
19 |
67.9 |
|
Income |
|
|
|
Up to 1 minimum wage<= o:p> |
15 |
53.6 |
|
2-3 minimum wages |
10 |
35.7 |
|
4 or more minimum wag=
es |
3 |
10.7 |
Source: The authors.
Table 2 presents descriptive statistics for the si=
x domains
of quality of life assessed by the WHOQOL-Old questionnaire. Each domain of=
the
questionnaire consists of four questions. Among the six domains, Death and
Dying (65.6 ± 19.1) and Autonomy (67.0 ± 11.0) had the lowest averages, whi=
le
Social Participation (77.9 ± 11.3) and Sensory Functioning (76.3 ± 17.1) had
the highest means.
Table 2 -
Descriptive statistics of the six facets of the WHOQOL-Old questionnaire
evaluated in the elderly (n =3D 28). Senhor do Bonfim<=
/span>,
BA, 2019.
|
Domain |
Mean ± SD |
Minimum |
Maximum |
|
Sensory
Functioning |
76.3 ± 17.1 |
43.8 |
100.0 |
|
Autonomy |
67.0 ± 11.0 |
50.0 |
81.3 |
|
Past, Present
and Future Activities |
74.3 ± 17.1 |
43.8 |
100.0 |
|
Social
Participation |
77.9 ± 11.3 |
56.3 |
100.0 |
|
Death and Dy=
ing |
65.6 ± 19.1 |
12.5 |
87.5 |
|
Privacy |
68.5 ± 21.9 |
25.0 |
100.0 |
|
Overall Aver=
age |
71.6 ± 10.8 |
Source: The authors.
From the cutoff points suggested by the authors
Figure 1 - Prevalence of
depression and anxiety in elderly participants (n =3D 28). Senhor
do Bonfim, BA, 2019.
Fonte: Autores (13,14)
The association between anxiety, depression and
quality of life was assessed using Spearman's correlation, whose values are
shown in table 3. Quality of life was negatively and moderately correlated =
with
depression (ρ =3D -0.439; p =3D 0.02 and anxiety (ρ =3D -0.436; p=
=3D 0.021),
while both disorders showed a positive and moderate correlation (ρ =3D
0.671; p<0.001) between each other.
Table 3 - Spea=
rman
correlation between depression, anxiety and quality of life of elderly
participants (n =3D 28). Senhor do Bonfim, BA, =
2019.
|
|
|
Anxiety |
Quality of Life |
|
ρ |
0.671 |
-0.439 |
|
|
p-value |
<0.0001 |
0.0196 |
|
|
Anxiety |
ρ |
|
-0.436 |
|
p-value |
|
0.0207 |
Source: The authors.
DISCUSSION
The participation of the elderly in interventional
health education and self-care programs has a positive impact on promoting
mental health and healthy lifestyles, as well as preventing physical and
cognitive declines (16). An example of such a program is the Third Age Open University (UATI),
which is an alternative to promote psychosocial reintegration and the
development of permanent educational activities.
In this study, conducted at the UATI in Senhor do =
Bonfim, BA, the sample consisted mostly of women, wid=
ows,
with elementary education and with a monthly income of up to one minimum wa=
ge. A
probable explanation for the female predominance is described in a
socio-epidemiological and demographic study in a UATI in the state of
Pernambuco, in which the authors (17) relate the differences in =
the
perception of aging and how subjects experience such changes, with women
showing greater interest in culture, well-being and health and men showing =
an
interest in political matters.
With regard to living arrangement, most participan=
ts
lived with their spouse and/or close relatives, including children and
grandchildren. These data bring positive aspects related to health, because
according to study (18), family support tends to reduce the nega=
tive
effects of stress on mental health, thus enabling a positive influence on
psychological well-being. In their studies, the
authors (19), suggest that social interaction reduces isolation =
and
offers the elderly the stimulation of cognitive performance, increasing the=
ir
satisfaction and improving their quality of life.
In this study, it was observed that the general
average of the quality of life domains of the WHOQOL-Old questionnaire was
high, noting that the domains related to social participation and sensory
functioning had the highest averages, which may be a
reflection of participation in an interventional program to promote
health and well-being, with the practice of regular physical exercise and
interventions that stimulated mnemonic performance. In a study by (20)=
it was observed that elderly participants of a regular physical exercise
program showed significant improvement in functional mobility and quality of
life. To
the authors (21) o physical exercise reduces functional decline,
especially aerobic and resistance activities. The authors (22) s=
tate
that interventions aimed at improving mnemonic performance provide the
maintenance of functional capacity, minimizing the risk of dependence and
possible institutionalization of the elderly person.
The prevalence of psychiatric illnesses investigat=
ed
in this study is lower than those observed (23,(24), in Brazilia=
n subjects
from the community, with similar sociodemographic characteristics, which ra=
nged
between 29.6% and 47.4%. The population stu=
died
showed a low prevalence of depression (14.3%) compared to Brazilian studies
carried out with elderly people in Primary Health Care, with variations bet=
ween
26.1% and 30.6% (25-27)=
.
A study (28) states that elderly people with higher levels of
development in social relationships are more active and have better quality=
of
life and less depressive symptoms than sedentary and socially isolated elde=
rly
people.
Quality of life is a multifactorial concept and ca=
n be
influenced by different circumstances, causing different levels of anxiety.=
The
concept of anxiety can be understood as an unpleasant feeling, related to
negative perceptions of anticipation of danger, causing discomfort and tens=
ion.
Thus, it is important to understand the influences of anxiety on the health=
of
the elderly so that there is no confusion between the detection and diagnos=
is
of anxiety disorders with common physical symptoms in old age (28).
The negative correlation between anxiety and quali=
ty
of life in the elderly is highlighted, in agreement with results found in t=
he
literature in studies carried out by the authors (9,29), in whic=
h it
was observed that there is an association between anxiety disorders and poo=
rer
quality of life, in addition to greater use of health services. Subjects wi=
th
high levels of anxiety had worse quality of life scores in fields such as
vitality, social aspects and social withdrawal (30).
It was possible to verify the negative, moderate a=
nd
statistically significant association between quality of life and depressio=
n in
line with the results of a Brazilian study carried out by the authors =
(31),
which it was observed worsening in quality of life in domains such as auton=
omy,
activities, privacy, and social participation in depressed older adults
compared to older adults without symptoms of depression. The authors (=
30),
found that subjects in a depressive state have little social interaction and
use health services more.
There was a positive, moderate and statistically
significant correlation between anxiety and depression. The authors (3=
2) highlight
that subjects affected in the same period by anxiety and depression suffere=
d an
increase in the occurrence of physical disorders, including vision problems,
persistent cough, hypertension and gastrointestinal problems, as well as he=
art
disease and asthma, compared to those who suffered only from anxiety and on=
ly
with depression. According to the authors (7), subjects with
depressive symptoms rate their health as poor and are less satisfied with t=
heir
health status than people without depression. In addition, the authors repo=
rt
that it is common for people with anxiety to also present depression in some
intensity.
There are many studies that indicate the lack of
investigation of these psychiatric diseases by health professionals in the
clinical context, although they are common as clinical complaints presented=
by
patients (7). The clinical and laboratory evaluation of anxiety =
and
depression is important, as it is necessary to investigate diseases that ma=
y be
associated with these disorders, so that, if not properly understood and
treated, they can cause negative repercussions on health and quality of lif=
e of
elderly people, which can lead to an increase in morbidity and mortality, as
well as increased costs for the health system (33).
Although small, the sample is representative and
foresees the local situational outcome, considering that elderly participan=
ts
in interventional programs tend not to form large groups.
This study has some limitations, such as the use o=
f a
cross-sectional design, in which the associations between the variables mus=
t be
interpreted with caution, as it is not possible to make causal inferences in
association studies. Another important limitation is related to the fact th=
at,
although validated questionnaires were used, the use of self-reported measu=
res
increases the possibility of measurement error, recall bias and the effect =
of
social desire. =
It was observed that anxiety and depression are
positively related to each other and negatively related to quality of life.=
There
is a statistically significant and moderate relationship between the three
aspects mentioned above. Therefore, the intrinsic relationship between
psychological disorders and their effects on the health of the elderly beco=
mes
understandable, as they begin to seek more the health services. Appropriate
diagnosis and treatment of depression and anxiety can improve the quality of
life of the elderly. Regarding the domains of quality of life, social
participation and sensory functioning had the highest averages for the elde=
rly
participating in the study, evidencing the effectiveness of interventional =
programs,
such as the UATI, in improving the quality of life.
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Submission: 2021-07-12
Approval: 2021-08-02
Corresponding author:
Glauber Sá Brandão. Rodovia Lomanto Júnior, BR 407, Km 127, Senhor do Bonfim, BA,=
CEP
48970-000, Brasil. Telefone: +55 74 98121-3811. E-mail: gbrandao@uneb.br
[1]=
Universidade do Estado da Bahia, Senhor do Bonfim-BA, Brasil. ORCID:
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5049-7356
[2]=
Universidade do Estado da Bahia, Senhor do Bonfim-BA, Brasil. ORCID:
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3313-1624
[3]=
Universidade do Estado da Bahia, Senhor do Bonfim-BA, Brasil. ORCID:
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3121-838X
[4]=
Universidade do Estado da Bahia, Senhor do Bonfim-BA, Brasil. ORCID:=
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6582-724X
[5]=
Universidade do Estado da Bahia, Senhor do Bonfim-BA, Brasil. ORCID:
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4462-0861